The Replica of Influenza Virus poster is designed to begin at the top with a labeled virus, then describes the steps of virus replication as your eye moves down the page fluidly.
Steps in order:
1. Adsorption: influenza virus glycoproteins (HA proteins) attach to host cell membrane via sialic acid receptors.
2. Penetration: the virus enters the cell by endocytosis.
3. Endosome: The virus is inside the host cell as an endosome.
4. Uncoating (eclipse phase): virus and endosome membranes fuse, and the virus genome is released.
5. Biosynthesis: once the virus genome enters the nucleus, it uses host cell components and its own viral RNA polymerase to produce new copies of viral proteins and RNA.
6. Translation: viral mRNA produce envelope glycoproteins on the host endoplasmic reticulum and transport them through the golgi apparatus to the cell surface.
7. Assembly: once outside of the nucleus, other synthesized viral proteins come together to form new virions.
8. Release: mature virions bud from the host cell as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gather around the membrane coat.
9. Millions of newly synthesized viruses leave the host cell, sometimes destroying it as they depart.
10. The process continues as new influenza viruses attach and penetrate new host cells.